{"id":498,"date":"2025-04-06T21:36:37","date_gmt":"2025-04-06T18:36:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/?page_id=498"},"modified":"2025-04-08T12:39:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-08T09:39:10","slug":"yaslanmanin-12-turu","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/?page_id=498","title":{"rendered":"Ayn\u0131 Ki\u015fide Birbirinden Farkl\u0131 Ya\u015flanma S\u00fcre\u00e7leri"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Biyolojik Ya\u015flanma<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biyolojik-T\u0131bbi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Biyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015flanma d\u0131\u015ftan ve i\u00e7ten de\u011fi\u015fim olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. H\u00fccrelerdeki de\u011fi\u015fimleri g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in bir\u00e7o\u011fumuz d\u0131\u015ftan alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerden hareket ederek, ya\u015flanman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f belirtilerle alakal\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Biyolojik ya\u015flanma, h\u00fccre ve gen d\u00fczlemindeki karma\u015f\u0131k biyokimyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sonucunda meydana gelmektedir ve \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 olan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden meydana geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in biyolojik ya\u015flanmay\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almak, hatta m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse engellemek, durdurmak en az\u0131ndan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgilerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Biyografinin etkisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biyografik<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n nas\u0131l ya\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 biyografisine de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve biyografisi, ayn\u0131 zamanda ebeveyninin biyografisi ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015flanma, adeta birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 biyografi halkalar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir zinciri and\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsan biyografisi i\u00e7inde olu\u015ftu\u011fu topluma ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre de ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla insan kendi biyografisinin sadece k\u0131smen mimar\u0131d\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131k k\u00f6t\u00fc kader de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc biyografiye ba\u011fl\u0131 ya\u015flanma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine m\u00fcdahale edebiliriz ve de\u011fi\u015ftirilebiliriz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Toplumun etkisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumun belirledi\u011fi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015flanmaya sosyal \u00e7evrenin etkisini,\u00a0 biyografiye ba\u011fl\u0131 ya\u015flanmayla kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. \u0130kisi aras\u0131nda kesin bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7ekmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse de toplumun belirledi\u011fi ya\u015flanma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine birey olarak m\u00fcdahale edemeyiz. Bireysel s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6tesinde al\u0131nan kararlar ve ko\u015fullar, toplumun ya\u015flanma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine etkilerinin kaynaklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\u00e7evrenin bireye, bireyin \u00e7evreye etkisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birey-\u00c7evre-\u0130li\u015fkisi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015flanma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine sosysal ve fiziksel \u00e7evrelerin de etkisi vard\u0131r. Birey a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta yak\u0131n fiziksel \u00e7evrenin \u00f6nemi artmaktad\u0131r. Konut ve konut \u00e7evresindeki sosyal ili\u015fkiler ve bunlar\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131, kapsam\u0131, s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta belirgin \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015fir ve \u00f6nemi artar. \u00a0\u00d6zellikle ileri ya\u015fl\u0131lar g\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc evde ge\u00e7irmektedir. Ancak bunu bir “geri \u00e7ekilme” olarak genelleyemeyiz ve aktif ya\u015flanman\u0131n z\u0131tt\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmeyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc aktif ya\u015flanma, topluma kat\u0131l\u0131m ve uyum ile ili\u015fkili eylem ve olanaklara ba\u011fl\u0131 bir aktivite spektrumudur (Kruse, 2007). Bu ba\u011flamda aktivite, \u00e7ok boyutlu bir kavramd\u0131r. \u0130nsan; bedeni, bilinci, ruhuy ile pek \u00e7ok aktivitelere kat\u0131labilir. Bunlar\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131yla berabner veya tek ba\u015f\u0131na yapabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin hobi t\u00fcrleri aras\u0131nda bir\u00e7o\u011fu tek ki\u015filik hobilerdir ve ba\u015fkar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bireyi rahats\u0131z bile edebilir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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ya\u015flanma git gide kendine benzemektir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Farkl\u0131la\u015fma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fl\u0131 kavram\u0131 akla genellikle sanki tek bir kal\u0131ptan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131 getirir. “Kafalardaki” ya\u015fl\u0131 imgeleri, hem ya\u015fl\u0131n\u0131n kendisinde hem de di\u011ferlerinde vard\u0131r. Fakat herkes kendine g\u00f6re ya\u015flanmaktad\u0131r; hi\u00e7bir ya\u015flanma s\u00fcreci bir di\u011ferinin t\u0131pk\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle ya\u015fl\u0131 n\u00fcfus son derece heterojen bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Gerontopsikolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar her insan\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc ya\u015flanma s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7ti\u011finin kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyabilmi\u015ftir. Insan\u0131n takvimsel ya\u015f\u0131 ile psi\u015fik ya\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131nda do\u011frusal bir ili\u015fki yoktur. Bu nedenle 50 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce \u00fcnl\u00fc bir gerontolog, bunu \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etmi\u015ftir. \u201cYa\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a daha \u00e7ok kendimize benzeriz\u201d (Birren 1974). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015flanma s\u00fcreci, birbirine benzeme s\u00fcreci de\u011fil, aksine birbirinden farkl\u0131la\u015fma s\u00fcrecidir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok boyutlu ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Genetik yap\u0131 ve h\u00fccre d\u00fczlemlerindeki ya\u015flanma ve bunlar\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fimleri, \u00e7ok boyutlu ve \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc olarak geli\u015fmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fey psikolojik ve sosyal ya\u015flanma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da ge\u00e7erlidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015flanan iki ki\u015finin ya\u015flanma s\u00fcre\u00e7leri de birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, ikizler i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bunu, bir a\u011fac\u0131n dallar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten \u00e7\u0131kan dallar, ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda geli\u015fseler de her biri farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlere ve farkl\u0131 boyutlara do\u011fru bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Objektiflik ve S\u00fcbjektiflik<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fa g\u00f6re insan beden-ruh \u00e7iftinde meydana gelmektedir (bunun aksini iddia edenler de vard\u0131r). Psi\u015fik kavram\u0131, metafiziksel bir fenomeden bahsedilmedi\u011fini vurgulamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Beden ve ruh (psi\u015fik), insan\u0131n objektif ve s\u00fcbjektif \u00f6zelliklerini  ifade  etmektedir. Insan,  ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a  s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n,  kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131n, ge\u00e7icili\u011finin daha \u00e7ok fark\u0131na varmaktad\u0131r. Bunlarla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kabilmek i\u00e7in stratejiler geli\u015ftirir. Tecr\u00fcbeleri ona bu konuda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.  Bir tarafta yakla\u015fan \u00f6l\u00fcm, di\u011fer taraftan ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f y\u0131llarda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anlamlar, geriye kalan s\u00fcreden beklentileri, ya\u015flanmay\u0131 objektiflik ve s\u00fcbjektiflik aras\u0131nda cereyan eden bir s\u00fcrece d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr. Hayat\u0131n ge\u00e7icili\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilemez ama s\u0131n\u0131rsal durumlar insanda bir \u201cayd\u0131nlanma\u201d yarat\u0131r ve git gide \u201cbiz, kendimiz oluruz\u201d (Jasper, 1973, s. 204: akt. Kruse, 2002, s.203). <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 Esneklik<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Insan, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n her d\u00f6neminde, o d\u00f6neme ait  krizlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131r ve bunlar\u0131 a\u015fmaya, kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in mevcut kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve yeterliliklerini kullnarak, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumu iste\u011fine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7abalar. \u00d6nleyemedi\u011fi kay\u0131plarla aktif bir m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015ferek \u201cOptimal Se\u00e7imli Dengeleyici Uyum\u201d (Baltes & Baltes 1990) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir uyum s\u00fcrecini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirir. \u00d6rne\u011fin piyanist Rubenstein, ya\u015f\u0131 ilerledik\u00e7e parmaklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 fark edince, konser vermekten vazge\u00e7mek yerine, parmaklar\u0131n\u0131n azalan h\u0131z\u0131na uygun olan bestelerden \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca daha fazla egzersiz yaparak parmaklar\u0131ndaki h\u0131z kayb\u0131n\u0131 dengelemeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bestelerin h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken pasajlar yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bilerek tempoyu yava\u015flat\u0131p, h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken pasajlarda tempoyu artt\u0131rarak, parmaklar\u0131ndaki h\u0131z kayb\u0131n\u0131 dinleyicinin alg\u0131lamas\u0131na engel olmu\u015ftur. Plastizite (esneklik) yetene\u011fi sayesinde, birey, \u00e7evrenin taleplerine s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in uygun cevaplar verebilmektedir (Baltes & Kindermann 1985, Kliegel & Baltes 1987). Insan ya\u015fland\u0131k\u00e7a bedensel, psi\u015fik ve sosyal ko\u015fullara \u201cs\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir esneklik\u201d yetene\u011fi ile tepki verebilir. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cinsiyete Ba\u011fl\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Cinsiyetin ya\u015flanmaya etkileri biyolojik \u00f6zellikerin bir sonucu de\u011fildir. Kad\u0131n ve erkek aras\u0131ndaki biyolojik farka, y\u00fckledi\u011fimiz sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamlar, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n daha zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015flanmalar\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebidir. Bu y\u00fczden gerontolojide \u201cya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kad\u0131ns\u0131 simas\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131 oturmu\u015ftur. Kad\u0131n\u0131n simas\u0131, g\u00fc- zelli\u011fin, ana\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve \u015fefkatin simas\u0131 oldu\u011fu kadar, ayn\u0131 zamanda ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131kta ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, yoksullu\u011fun, yaln\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n da simas\u0131d\u0131r. Ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n “a\u011flayan y\u00fcz\u00fc”, kad\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha net bir bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Biyolojik Ya\u015flanma Biyolojik-T\u0131bbi Biyolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015flanma d\u0131\u015ftan ve i\u00e7ten de\u011fi\u015fim olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. H\u00fccrelerdeki de\u011fi\u015fimleri g\u00f6remedi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in bir\u00e7o\u011fumuz d\u0131\u015ftan alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fimlerden hareket ederek, ya\u015flanman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f belirtilerle alakal\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir. Biyolojik ya\u015flanma, h\u00fccre ve gen d\u00fczlemindeki karma\u015f\u0131k biyokimyasal s\u00fcre\u00e7ler sonucunda meydana gelmektedir ve \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6re ba\u011fl\u0131 olan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerden meydana geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-498","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=498"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1007,"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/498\/revisions\/1007"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/maun-gerontoloji-bolumu.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=498"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}